【备考必备】托福官方真题Official11阅读长难句资料汇总

2016年01月21日15:22 来源：互联网

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托福官方真题Official11阅读长难句官方真题Official11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

1. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art,　and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it　and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.

2. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often　　led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the　Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted throughspace like classical Greek statuary?

3. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and　without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid　attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years.

4. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for　instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons,　or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their　frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

5. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were　pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by　wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process.

6. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and　kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain,　baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in　appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

官方真题Official11：Orientation and Navigation

1. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in　fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times　there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

2. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with　respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the　sky.

托福官方真题Official1阅读长难句官方真题Official11：Begging By Nestlings

1. The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for　attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of　nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings ofother species less often victimized by nest predators.

2. This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an　Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of begging calls　　that are hard to detect and pinpoint.

3. One possibility is that a noisy baby bird provides accurate signals of its real hunger and　good health, making it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where　several other offspring are usually available to be fed.

4. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings,　the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings, though　not as loudly as the hungrier birds.

5. Indeed, if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and　starving the other half, when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg　more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those　who beg less vigorously.

6. The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such　　energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage　that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another.

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