Reading: Harappan（一个古代的community） decline 的原因： 1.因为nomadic tribe（游牧）的invade，而且Harappan的painting和其他东西都表明Harappan没有军队。 2.climate change，导致agriculture的decline，没有足够的surplus来support更多的人口。 3.Epidemic（流行病），说流行病大范围传播，并且喝的水污染了，传染扩大。Listening: 反对： 1.被invade的cities只是Harappan很小一部分，Harappan很大，少部分被invaded不会影响整个community的decline。 2.同时期其他两个community如Egypt和不达米亚也遇到了climate change。但是他们adjust to the environment。他们能够生产出足够的食物来support人口。 3.说Harappan有很sufficient water，而且Harappan在filter water方面很excellent。因此大范围的污染是不可能的。传染病更不能大范围传播。
The speaker contradicts the content in the reading paragraph, focusing on the three reasons for the demise of the Harappan people. Firstly, The statement in the reading paragraph says that evidence from their remaining paintings and other relics suggest they had no army and they couldn’t survive the intrusion. While based on the speaker’s account, the cities invaded only comprise a small part of the whole community, which will exert a minor influence on the whole, if there is any. Secondly, from the reading content, one reason why Harappan disappear is due to severe and dramatic climatic change, which lead to sharp decline of food supply, then it is not surprising that the community lost their base for a living. Conversely, the speaker argues against this assertion by introducing another two communities-Egypt and Mesopotamia, both of which undergone the climatic change as well, and were capable of adjusting to the environment. Finally, the third reason the reading paragraph provides is the far-reaching epidemic, as well as contaminated drinking water that poisoned the citizens. However, according to speaker, drinking water is sufficient and the Harappan made use of relatively advanced water-filtering facilities. Therefore, the community was not likely to suffer from infected water, and the epidemic was not able to spread widely.
