【托福词汇资料】重点词汇语境记忆法——Begging by Nestlings

2015年08月21日13:49 来源：小站整理

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所谓语境记忆单词Remember by the context ，也就是将单词置于句子或课文中加以记忆的策略。而在应对托福词汇单词记忆的时候，由于其词汇量大，同时，我们除了学会词汇的拼写之外，还要更好的理解其的使用方法。那么，相信这样的语境记忆方法就是非常的适合了。那么，在以下内容中就为大家带来托福官方真题Official阅读重点词汇语境记忆资料，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon， resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact， when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg， the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far， and so may better conceal the individuals producing them， who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls.

The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction： baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest， more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of begging calls that are hard to detect and pinpoint.

Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food， what benefit do begging nestlings derive from their communications? One possibility is that a noisy baby bird provides accurate signals of its real hunger and good health， making it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where several other offspring are usually available to be fed. If this hypothesis is true， then it follows that nestlings should adjust the intensity of their signals in relation to the signals produced by their nestmates， who are competing for parental attention. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings， the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings， though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.

If parent birds use begging intensity to direct food to healthy offspring capable of vigorous begging， then parents should make food delivery decisions on the basis of their offsprings’ calls. Indeed， if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half， when the birds are replaced in the nest， the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds， and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.

As these experiments show， begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. But the question arises， why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry? By doing so， they could possibly secure more food， which should result in more rapid growth or larger size， either of which is advantageous. The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings， which share genes with one another. An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. Because close relatives have many of the same genes， animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes. Therefore， a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of its siblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise.

托福核心单词

Nestling 尚未离巢的小鸟;婴孩

原文：Begging by Nestling. 雏鸟的乞食行为。

强化记忆：

One feels good nestling like a baby on its breast. 一个人象婴孩那样地偎依在它的怀中时感觉很舒服。

I guessed they had a nestling. 我猜到它们有了雏儿。

Cheep吱吱叫声

原文：These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon， resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. 这些叽叽喳喳的叫声有时会让巢外的老鹰和浣熊听到并且定位，从而致使毫无抵抗能力的雏鸟丧命。

强化记忆：

Not a cheep could be heard. 听不到一句话。

Chicks cheep and can’t count sheep to sleep. 小鸡唧唧喳喳，数绵羊也睡不着。

Peep 吱吱叫;偷看

原文：These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon， resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. 这些叽叽喳喳的叫声有时会让巢外的老鹰和浣熊听到并且定位，从而致使毫无抵抗能力的雏鸟丧命。

强化记忆：

The little chicks began to peep because they were hungry. 小鸡因为饿而开始吱吱叫。

He took a peep at the back of the book to find out the answers to the question. 他偷偷看了一下书的后面，想找出那些问题的答案。

Songbird 鸣鸟

原文：A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. 一个典型的例子就是鸣禽的雏鸟在它们的父母带着食物归巢时吵闹的乞食行为。强化记忆：

The canary is a small yellow songbird. 金丝雀是一种黄色的会唱歌的小鸟。

The linnet is a small brown songbird. 红雀是一种棕色会叫的小鸟。

Impose 强加;征税

原文：Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. 一些动物发出的信号可能会给他们自身带来过份的伤害。

强化记忆：

He has tried to impose solutions to the country’s problems by fiat. 他试图下令强行解决该国的问题。(fiat命令)

The US could impose punitive tariffs of up to 100% on some countries’ exports. 美国可能会对某些国家的出口商品征收高达100%的惩罚性关税。

Raccoon 浣熊

原文：These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon， resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. 这些叽叽喳喳的叫声有时会让巢外的老鹰和浣熊听到并且定位，从而致使毫无抵抗能力的雏鸟丧命。

强化记忆：

The cause has been related to a raccoon bite. 病因与浣熊咬伤有关。

After my ski trip， my face look like a raccoon. 滑雪之旅后，我的脸变得像浣熊一样了。

Warbler 鸣鸟;用颤音歌唱的人

原文：Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. 乞食行为成本更进一步的证据来自与一项关于地面筑巢的黄莺与住在相对安全的树上的黄莺对比的研究。

强化记忆：

He was warbler and flying very low over the water. 那是只鸣鸟，在水面上飞得很低。

The warbler has a white throat and underparts. 那种莺的喉部和身体下部为白色。

Versus 相对;对抗

原文：Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. 乞食行为成本更进一步的证据来自与一项关于地面筑巢的黄莺与住在相对安全的树上的黄莺对比的研究。

强化记忆：

It is France versus Brazil in the final. 决赛是法国队对巴西队。

Italy versus Japan is turning out to be a surprisingly well matched competition. 在意大利与日本队的比赛中，双方竟出人意料地势均力敌。

Conceal 影藏;隐瞒

原文：These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far， and so may better conceal the individuals producing them， who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. 这种高频的声音不会传播的很远，可以更好的隐藏这些容易受到食肉动物攻击的在地面筑巢的雏鸟。

强化记忆：

He couldn’t conceal his envy of me. 他掩饰不住对我的妒忌。

He had to conceal his identity to escape the police. 为了躲避警方，他只好隐瞒身份。

Predator 捕食者;掠夺者

原文：In fact， when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg， the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials. 事实上，一个蛋被放在一个假的树燕巢中且附近播放着树燕乞食叫声的录音带时，这个“嘈杂”的巢中的蛋在39次试验中有27次早于放在安静的巢中的蛋而被食肉动物带走或毁掉。

强化记忆：

The terror bird was the top predator in its ancestral home. 恐鸟是远古家园中的顶级捕食者。

The relationship between predator and prey 捕食动物与猎物之间的关系

Deprive 剥夺;使丧失

原文：When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings， the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings， though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.当实验性的带走的幼年知更鸟并安放在那些正常喂养的同类的巢中，饥饿的雏鸟的乞食行为会比那些正常的要大，但是那些喂养的更好的同类反而叫得不像饥饿的鸟那么响。

强化记忆：

We have no right to deprive their life. 我们没有权利去剥夺他们的生命。

This low will deprive us of our most basic rights. 这条法律将剥夺我们最基本的权利。

Robin 知更鸟

原文：When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings， the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings， though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.当实验性的带走的幼年知更鸟并安放在那些正常喂养的同类的巢中，饥饿的雏鸟的乞食行为会比那些正常的要大，但是那些喂养的更好的同类反而叫得不像饥饿的鸟那么响。

强化记忆：

A robin was perching on the fence. 一只知更鸟落在篱笆上。

A robin was pecking at crumbs on the ground. 一只知更鸟在地上啄食面包渣。

Sibling 兄弟姊妹

原文：When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings， the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings， though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.当实验性的带走的幼年知更鸟并安放在那些正常喂养的同类的巢中，饥饿的雏鸟的乞食行为会比那些正常的要大，但是那些喂养的更好的同类反而叫得不像饥饿的鸟那么响。

强化记忆：

Sibling rivalry often causes parents anxieties. 手足之争常让父母忧心忡忡。

But when we fight it’s kinda like sibling rivalry. 不过这种争吵其实好像同胞间的竞争。

Vigorously 精神旺盛地

原文：the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously. 它的父母也会喂它比喂那些乞食不积极的幼鸟更多

强化记忆：

This fungus usually vegetates vigorously. 蘑菇经常像植物一样旺盛地生长。(vegetate似植物生长)

He launched into a rhythm vigorously. 他开始使劲演奏这首曲子。

Propagate 繁殖;传播

原文：An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. 一个个体在繁衍中延续他或她的基因所产生的影响要比只是它个人的延续繁衍要成功。

强化记忆：

Rabbits propagate rapidly. 兔子繁殖迅速。

Animal and vegetable pests propagate with extreme rapidity. 动植物病害传播极快。

Tree swallow树燕

原文：In fact， when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg， the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials. 事实上，一个蛋被放在一个假的树燕巢中且附近播放着树燕乞食叫声的录音带时，这个“嘈杂”的巢中的蛋在39次试验中有27次早于放在安静的巢中的蛋而被食肉动物带走或毁掉。

强化记忆：

Eurasian Tree Swallow 麻雀