【备考必备】托福官方真题Official23阅读长难句资料汇总

2016年01月21日15:49 来源：互联网

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托福官方真题Official23阅读长难句官方真题Official23: Urban Climates

1. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in　two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces　　that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that　most cities produce.

2. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than　outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of thedome and reradiated back to the urban surface.

官方真题Official23:Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture

1. Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized new crops and agricultural　techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands, and　cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities.

2. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the　Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated　individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

3. As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased,　agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more　intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes.

4. In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop　rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather thanleaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock.

5. Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was　particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken　there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608.

6. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the　reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual leasing　payments at an interest rate of 17 percent.

托福官方真题Official23阅读长难句官方真题Official23: Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines

1. Early in the nineteenth century, encounters with Aboriginal rock art tended to beinfrequent and open to speculative interpretation, but since the late nineteenth century,　awareness of the extent and variety of Australian rock art has been growing.

2. In order to create a sense of structure to this picture, researchers have relied on a　distinction that still underlies the forms of much indigenous visual culture—a distinction　between geometric and figurative elements.

3. The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led　rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which　takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert SouthAustralia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.

4. Certain features of these engravings lead to the conclusion that they are of great　age—geological changes had clearly happened after the designs had been made and local　Aboriginal informants, when first questioned about them, seemed to know nothing of　their origins.

5. Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,” suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art, in which a　geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals),　followed by a range of complex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric　tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity.

6. While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which　were occupied continuously over many thousands of years a number of writers have　warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the　simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural　continuities in Aboriginal Australia, in which geometric symbolism remains　fundamentally important.

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