托福口语task3task4,何为阅读听力重点信息?
- 2016年11月29日13:10 来源：小站教育作者：小站教育陈曦老师
- 参与（12） 阅读（13180）
在托福口语中，综合口语主要考察学生对于给定信息的整合归纳和复述能力，而task3和task4又是仅有的基于阅读和听力材料进行总结的题目。所以，如何在有限的时间内准确地抓住阅读与听力中的重点信息就成了让很多考生头疼的难点了。
根据托福官方指南给出的说明，第三题是一道校园事物与学生态度观点题。我们先来看一下第三题阅读部分的篇章结构：1 change + 2 reasons。即：学校或某个学生会以公告通知或倡议书建议信等形式就学校现阶段的某个现状提出改变调整意见，并会给出两个原因进行支撑。而上述的三点也就是我们在阅读部分要找寻的重点信息了。那么问题来了，我们到底要不要记标题信息?要不要把整篇文章一字不差地读完?
首先，当我们拿到这样一篇文章确实应该先看标题，从我们可以明确从标题中获知学校即将发生的具体变化，那么我们只需记下标题即可。但这并不意味着所有的第三题阅读我们都只要记下标题信息就可万事大吉，例如官方真题Official9 TASK3：
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Required Work Experience |
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The business studies department at State University will now require all students enrolled in its program to complete one semester of work experience in a local corporation or small business. It is felt that students will benefit from this work experience by developing leadership and organizational skills that would not normally be learned in a classroom or campus setting. furthermore, the relationships that students establish with the company that they work for many help them to secure permanent employment with that company once they have completed the program and graduated. |
从上题标题中我们并不能完全清楚变化的具体内容，该情况下我们就需要以标题中的主要信息为关键词从下文中进一步找寻。从上面标题中我们并不难提取到关键信息：work experience，可以直接对应到文章首句：The business studies department at State University will now require all students enrolled in its program to complete one semester of work experience in a local corporation or small business. 因此文章首句就代替标题中给定的模糊信息成为了我们真正要找到的关键信息。
尽管ETS并未要求考生在阅读部分回答出作者的两个原因，但是我们仍然建议考生在确定好变化内容后去找一下文章作者给出的两个原因，原因在于：1 可以帮助我们合理的推测理解听力内容 2 对于阅读+听力结构的题目，若能在答题中体现出听力阅读之间的关系，则会更有利于取得较不错的分数。
所以下面我们先来简单地分析下第三题听力阅读之间到底存在着怎样的关系。
首先：若听力中的学生赞成阅读立场，则学生会对阅读中的两个理由进行一对一证明。反之，学生表达反对态度则会针对阅读的两个原因进行一对一反驳。阅读的两个原因可以通过留意以下三类关键词的方式找出：1 表示“一个…另外一个…”的词，如：one…another…或是first…second…等。2 表示附加递进含义的词语，如：also; besides; furthermore; moreover等，此时两个原因分别位于其一前一后。3 表示原因含义的词，如：the main reason is…/the reason given for…等。现在我们再看回刚才的这篇阅读。
扫过全文后我们可以非常轻松的发现文中后半段出现了一个“furthermore”，因此我们可以轻松地从furthermore的前面与后面获取到所需信息：1 students will benefit from this work experience by developing leadership and organizational skills. 2 help students to secure permanent employment with that company.
现在我们已经解决了阅读部分，但是如何才能找到听力中的重点内容呢?首先，我们先明确听力对话中的两个人就是围绕阅读中的提议从自身立场讨论该变化是否该发生，且二者地位绝不是相等的，其中一个学生扮演了主说人的角色，而相应另外一个学生们可以把他(她)理解为打酱油一般的存在。这实际上就很大程度上减少了我们听力工作量，因为根据ETS在官方指南中给出的说明，考生只需要陈述其中一个说话者(主说人)的观点和理由即可。下面一步我们就需要借助说话人的语气和话语本身来尽快判断出其针对提议给出的观点态度(Agree/Disagree)。做完这两步后，相信很多考生也都知道下面就要进入我们第三题的重中之重了：具体陈述听力中主说人的两点原因!刚才在前面我们已经简单地分析过了阅读听力之间存在的关系，但是如何才能让这种关系在我的答题中体现出来呢?我们以官方真题Official2 TASK3为例进行具体说明。
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Bus service elimination planned |
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The university has decided to discontinue it free bus service for students. The reason given for this decision is that few students ride the buses and the buses are expensive to operate. Currently, the buses run from the center of campus past university buildings and through some of the neighborhoods surrounding the campus. The money saved by eliminating the bus service will be used to expand the overcrowded student parking lots. |
从上面阅读中我们得知校方打算取消免费巴士服务。稍加总结后我们得知原因在于1 学校不打算再继续浪费钱;2 学校打算用这笔钱解决现阶段停车场拥堵问题。现在我们再结合听力文本来进一步说明。
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M: I don't like the university's plan. W: Really? I've ridden those buses, and sometimes there were only a few people on the bus. It did seem like kind of a waste. M: I see your point. But I think the problem is the route’s out-of-date. It only goes through the neighborhoods that've gotten too expensive for students to live in. It's ridiculous that they haven't already changed the route - you know, so it goes where most off-campus students live now. I bet if they did that, they'd get plenty of students riding those buses. W: Well, at least they are adding more parking. It’s gotten really tough to find a space. M: That's the other part I don't like, actually. Cutting back the bus service and adding parking's just gonna encourage more students to drive on campus. And that'll just add to the noise around campus and create more traffic...and that'll increase the need for more parking spaces. W: Yeah, I guess I can see your point. Maybe it would be better if more students used the buses instead of driving. M: Right. And the university should make it easier to do that, not harder. |
从文本中我们得知男生明显不同意学校的计划，一是因为现行的路线由于只经过同学们住不起的社区(it only goes through the neighborhoods that’ve gotten too expensive for students to live in)，所以已经过时(out-of-date)，如果可以调整路线则会有更多学生搭乘。原因二在于取消巴士服务并扩建停车场无形中是在鼓励学生开车上学，除了增加学校拥堵和噪音外，也会再次加重停车场的负荷。那么再联系回阅读的两个理由——浪费钱和解决停车位不足的问题——稍加思考便可知若是可以有更多学生搭乘，那么对于学校而言就不是在浪费钱;若是鼓励学生开车上学加重停车场负荷，停车位紧缺问题仍旧不能得到改善。所以这也就再次说回了原有的问题：若听力中的学生赞成阅读立场，则学生会对阅读中的两个理由进行一对一证明。反之，学生表达反对态度则会针对阅读的两个原因进行一对一反驳。换言之：只要我们可以用听力中学生的观点最终合理推导出阅读中的两个原因，那么我们在听力中的任务就可以基本完成了。
解决了第三题，我们再一起来看一下口语部分接触到的第一道学术类型话题——task4。
第四题主要是向我们介绍一个学术名词，因此我们在阅读文章时的主要任务就是找到该词的定义。
在了解如何快速定位到第四题阅读重点前，我们先来纠正一个很多学生存在的误区：并非阅读首句就一定是定义句。如官方真题Official23的第四题：
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Reference groups |
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Our thinking and behavior are often influenced by other people. When we admire and respect someone, we naturally try to imitate their behavior and attitudes. Groups of people whom we admire and whose behavior and attitudes we tend to imitate are known as reference groups. Reference groups provide a model — a frame of reference — that can shape how we think and behave. Over the course of a lifetime, we may be influenced by many different reference groups. As we grow older, or encounter new circumstances, our reference groups may change, and our attitudes and behavior may change accordingly. |
上文第一句仅仅是讲述了一个客观事实或也可以将这句话理解为背景引入。而真正的定义却是全文的第三句话。所以我们来简单地归纳下如何快速准确地找到阅读中的关键信息：
Step1：通过标题所给出的名词本身去文中进行定位，文中该词附近必有定义。
Step2：可参考以下关键词辅助定位：is called; refer to; known as等
Step3：检查自己所找的定义的完整性，即：注意定义中是否有未说明的代词出现，如有则从前文中找到指代对象并还原。
阅读任务完成仅仅是意味着完成了第四题所有任务的一小部分，真正的重点也是难点当属听力部分的讲座。
相较于第三题听力而言，我们在第四题听力中要记下的信息就更多了，毕竟教授的每一句话都可能成为关键信息。所以我们在第四题听力中到底要抓什么呢?换言之，我们可以排除掉什么呢?事实上，第四题中找重点的关键仍然在于阅读部分。
在进行具体分析前我们必须先要明白教授给出例子的目的就是为了解释清楚阅读中的定义，所以对于考生而言，只要可以用例子中的细节向考官解释清楚定义即可。下面我们以官方真题Official3 TASK4为例进行进一步说明。
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Cognitive Dissonance |
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Individuals sometimes experience a contradiction between their actions and their beliefs — between what they are doing and what they believe they should be doing. These contradictions can cause a kind of mental discomfort known as cognitive dissonance. People experiencing cognitive dissonance often do not want to change the way they are acting, so they resolve the contradictory situation in another way, they change their interpretation of the situation in a way that minimizes the contradiction between what they are doing and what they believe should be doing. |
这里我们就不带着找了，直接给出定义如下：Cognitive dissonance is a kind of mental discomfort caused by individuals’ actions and their beliefs. 很显然，就该定义而言有关键词如下：1 a kind of mental discomfort 2 actions 3 beliefs，在下一步中，我们就带着这些关键词直接分析听力文本：
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This is a true story from my own life. In my first year in high school, I was addicted to video games. I played them all the time and I wasn’t studying enough. I was failing Chemistry that was my hardest class. So this was a conflict for me because I wanted a good job when I grew up and I believed, I knew, that if you want a good career you gotta do well in school. But I just couldn’t give up video games! I was completely torn. And my solution was to change my perspective. See, the only class I was doing really badly in was Chemistry. In the others, I was OK. So I asked myself if I wanted to be a chemist when I grew up. And the fact is I didn’t. I was pretty sure I wanted to be a sociologist. So I told myself my chemistry class didn’t matter, because sociologists don’t need to know chemistry. In other words, I changed my understanding of what it meant to do well in school. I reinterpreted my situation. I used to think that doing well in school meant doing well in all my classes. But now I decided that succeeding in school meant only doing well in the classes that related directly with my future career. I eliminated the conflict, at least in my mind. |
从文本第一段我们不难发现这样的一些信息：1 I was completely torn. 2 I knew that if you want a good career you gotta do well in school. 3 I just couldn’t give up video games. 比对后我们可以得知这三点信息与上面定义中的三个关键词呈现相互呼应的关系。那么不需我多说，同学也可以想到听力中的这三点为必答关键点。
那么这时可能会有学生想问第二段就不用回答了吗?其实不然，我们来看一下第二段和定义之间到底存在怎样的关系。第二段主要讲述了教授针对他认知失调的问题给出的解决方案，即：And my solution was to change my perspective. I decided that succeeding in school meant only doing well in the classes that related directly with my future career. 并说明了最终的结果，即：I eliminated the conflict, at least in my mind.也就说明一旦行为想法之间没有冲突，那么心理上的不适感也就随之消失。这两句话从反方向再次印证了mental discomfort是由人们行为和想法的不一致所造成的。因此，这两句话同样为听力中的关键信息。
以上就是对于托福口语第四题听力与阅读的重点分析，希望可以对大家备考有所帮助。
