从中我们可以看到北美自己的考试对语法都不作过多过深要求，更何况托福呢?
form "high school comprehensive English review", 1998, Gabrielle Maisels
www.randomhouse.com
The parts of speech
Noun
pron.
adj.
verb
adv.
prep.
conj.
interjection(Hey! Wow.)
The sentence subject, predicte, phrase clause(dependent clause, independent)
Putting it all together
1. S-V agreement
Tip #1 cross off distracting phrase
One of the athletes are giving an interview.
Tip #2 these words are considered singular subjects someone everybody anyone nobody
everyone one no one each
somebody either anybody neither
Neither of the star players want more money.
Tip #3 two subjects with or, either...or..., neither...nor...is singular
Either the center or the forward have modeling contracts.
Tip #4 collective nouns are singular
the number the group the amount the team
the audience the company the family The government
the United State(or any country) The forward's family come to all the games.
2. Pron. agreement
A pron. must refer clearly to a specific noun(the antecedent)
Tip #1 cf. s-v agreement tip#2 these words pron. are singular
Someone didn't eat their Doritos.
Tip #2 make sure that it is obvious which noun your pron. refers to.
A had told B where the party was, but he didn't know whether it started at eight or nine.
3. Pron. case
subjective, objective, and possessive.Tip #1 subject pron. follow the verb "to be"
This is she.It was I.Tip #2 objective pron. follow prep.go with him, the book by her,a picture of him.I'm after them.It's between me and her.Tip #3 cross out words that get in the way.
Roberto brought the books to Jin-hee and I.Tip #4 when you are comparing two people in some way, use the subject pron.Ira is better dressed than him.Tip #5 use the possessive pron. with gerunds.Simon was upset about me leaving.Tip #6 use who if you would use he; use whom if you would use him.The actor, about whom there had been endless gossip, finally gave an interview.Who is coming tonight?
Parallelism
Ideas or action in a series should be parallel in form.
The enclosed resume indicates that I am interested in writing, editing, and I like to read.
either...or..., both/and, not only/but also, make the two parts match.
Allison works both as a massage therapist and she is an illustrator.
Comparison
1.when comparing actions, be sure to include both verbs.
Andra likes ice cream more than Randy.
2. when comparing nouns, be sure both nouns are there and that they are comparable.
A biography of Thoreau would be more interesting than Hawthore.
Modifiers
put modifying phrase next to their subjects.
Riding my bicycle, my pants got caught in the chain.
Tense
Say what you mean
accept/except
I accept your challenge.
Everyone was able to go except me.
affect/effect
The movie affected me greatly.
The effect of all that beautiful music was inspiring.
allusion/illusion
The paper was filled with literary allusions.
I have no illusion that Professor Harper will pass me this term.
alternate/alternative
Marie alternated shifts with Paulo; every other week, she took evenings and he took days.
There are only a few alternatives to meat that are as high in protein.
ambiguous/ambivalent
between/among
bring/take
Bring the book to me.
Take the book away.
can/may
censor/censure
The panel censored the movies by removing all objectionable material before it was released.
The student board decided to censure the student for cheating on an exam.
common/mutual
We have a common purpose.(meaning shared purpose )
We have a mutual attraction. (meaning a reciprocal attraction)
compliment/complement
Dean Smith compliment my ability to get to class on time.
Mashed potatoes are the perfect complement to roast beef.
continual/continuous
The students formed a continuous line that surrounded the building to protest its demolition.
The program was interrupted every few minutes by a continual banging in the pipes.
emigrate/immigrate
People emigrated from Ireland to the United States.
They immigrated to our country to escape great famine in their own.
eminent/immanent/imminent
farther/further
Florida is farther from here than Maryland is.
I hope to further my discussion of Kierkegaard in the next paper I write.
fewer/less
former/latter
I have two classes on Tuesday: biology and aerobics. The former is in the science building, but the latter is in the field house.
fortuitous/fortunate
It was fortuitous to find that book on the shelf-it was exactly what I need.
I was fortunate to get into the intro art history class - it's almost always full.
health/ healthful
I hope to eat a healthful diet while away at school.
Marina always works better when she is healthy.
implicit/explicit
incredible/incredulous
It was an incredible sight: an ape rescuing a small child.
The crowd was incredulous: They were sure the ape would harm the child.
infer/imply
Gene inferred that Martha was a pretty tactless person.
Martha implied that Gene had gained weight when she asked him if those pants were tight.
libel/slander
lie/lay
I need to lie down after that crazy day.
I lay the book down in the hallway.
lie-lay,lain, lying
lie-lied, lying
lay-laid, laid, laying
most/more
Of the ten books we read for our literature class, I enjoyed Jane Eyre the most.
Of the two books I read this week, I enjoyed Jane Eyre more.
respectfully/respectively
Ginger had been taught to how respectfully when her elders entered the room.
I hope to meet with Jim and John, respectively, to iron out his problem.
their/they're/there
your/you're
